This report shows measurable progress in PV module recycling technologies, while highlighting the need for greater data transparency to support future circular-economy decisions.
Prepared by IEA PVPS Task 12, the report Advances in Photovoltaic Module Recycling: Third Update to Empirical Life Cycle Inventory Data presents new and updated life cycle inventory (LCI) data. The report covers both crystalline-silicon and thin-film PV recycling technologies, using data from commercial and pilot-scale recyclers in the United States and Europe.
Key Takeaways:
- New and updated life cycle inventory (LCI) data demonstrate measurable advancements in PV module recycling performance, including higher material recovery rates, improved process yields, and higher output purity compared with prior Task 12 studies.
- Mechanical recycling remains the dominant commercial approach for crystalline‑silicon (c‑Si) modules, while thermal and chemical process combinations—including those applied to thin-film technologies—can achieve higher recovery rates and purities for silicon, silver, and other metals.
- Data gaps persist, particularly for electricity consumption, material quality characterization, and harmonized system boundaries, underscoring the need for continued collaboration and transparent reporting.
Advancements in recycling performance
The report finds that updated data demonstrate higher material recovery rates, improved process yields, and better output purity compared with previous studies. Mechanical recycling remains the dominant commercial route for c-Si modules because of its scalability and cost-effectiveness. At the same time, newer combinations of thermal and chemical processes show promising results for recovering silicon, silver, and other metals at higher purities.
Examples covered in the report include updated data from commercial recyclers in the United States, pilot-scale innovation projects in Germany, and advanced recovery processes in Italy. These examples illustrate the diversity of approaches now emerging across the sector.
“Updated life cycle inventory data reveal measurable advancements in PV recycling processes while also highlighting where improved data transparency is still needed.” – Cara Libby (EPRI, USA), author of the report
As global PV deployment continues to grow, effective end-of-life management and recycling will become increasingly important for recovering valuable materials, reducing waste, and supporting a circular economy for solar energy materials.
The findings are intended to support asset owners, recyclers, manufacturers, researchers, and decision-makers as they plan for growing future PV waste streams and seek more sustainable end-of-life solutions.
